Home | Articles | Documents | Events | Sources 25 August 1826 King George IV grants the Duke of York certain Mining and Mineral Rights in Nova Scotia. Whereas, by letters patent, bearing date the 25th day of August 1826, being in the form of an indenture made or expressed to be made between his late majesty king George the fourth, of the one part, and his late royal highness Frederick, duke of York and Albany, of the other part, his said late majesty king George the fourth granted and demised certain mines and minerals in the province of Nova Scotia, unto the said duke of York and Albany, his executors, administrators, and assigns, for the term of 60 years, from the day of the date of the said letters patent, at the rents or royalties therein mentioned. SOURCE: Wilkins & Henry & Smith, 1859:107 12 September 1826 The Duke of York subleases his Mining and Mineral Rights in Nova Scotia to John Bridge, Edmond Waller Rundell, Thomas Bigge and John Gawler Bridge. Whereas by an indenture of underlease, bearing date the 12th day of September, 1826, and made between the said duke of York and Albany, of the one part, and John Bridge, Edmond Waller Rundell, Thomas Bigge and John Gawler Bridge, all since deceased, of the other part, the said duke of York and Albany granted and demised the same mines and minerals unto the said John Bridge, Edmond Waller Rundell, Thomas Bigge, and John Gawler Bridge, their executors, administrators, and assigns, for the then residue of the said term of sixty years, except the last day thereof, at the rents or royalties therein mentioned. SOURCE: Wilkins & Henry & Smith, 1859:107 4 June 1827 Richard Smith Arrives with Machinery Richard Smith, of Staffordshire, England, arrived at Pictou on the brig Margaret Pelkington with a cargo of mining machinery, including boilers, cylinders, and other parts needed to assemble steam hoisting and pumping engines. Smith was the mining engineer for the General Mining Association of London, England, which then held the rights to most of the coal in Pictou County. [The Halifax Chronicle-Herald, 23 & 24 September 1999, and other sources.] SOURCE: Smith, 20 March 2010 11 June 1827 Notice from the Provincial Secretary's Office in Halifax announcing the arrival or Richard Smith to Nova Scotia. His Majesty, having thought proper to make a Grant to His Royal Highness the Duke of York, of all Mines and Minerals, reserved by His Majesty in the Province of Nova Scotia, and His Royal Highness having sub-leased the said Mines and Minerals to Messr. Rundell, Bridge and Rundell, of Ludgate Hill, in the City of London; His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor has directed it to be announced that Richard Smith, Esqr. is duly appointed Superintendent for said sub-lease, and has arrived in this Province, with a number of Miners, Colliers, Engineers and Mechanics, and a large quantity of machinery, tools and implements for the purpose of opening and working such Mines, agreeably to the terms and conditions of the lease. As the Province will necessarily derive many important advantages from the carrying on of these operations on the extensive scale contemplated, his Excellency is particularly desirous that the Agent of the sub-lease should experience a disposition to promise, as far as possible, the undertaking in which he is engaged. His Excellency therefore calls upon all Officers of Government, Magistrates and Proprietors of Land, to afford every reasonable facility to the said Richard Smith, and those employed under him, in the prosecution of his design. By His Excellency's Command, SOURCE: Nova Scotia Royal Gazette, June 13, 1827 1831 Drawing of cars used on the Albion Rail Road
SOURCE: Appleton, 1889:133 28 March 1837 Albion Mines Railway looking for estimates for construction of the first two sections of its line. Estimates wanted for the formation of the two first sections of the Albion Mines' Railway, from the Foundry to New Glasgow Bridge. Sealed offers to be addressed to Joseph Smith, Esquire, Agent, at the Mines, until the evening of Friday the 28th of April next, to whom, or to Mr. Peter Crerar, apply for plans, specifications, or other particulars. Albion Mines, 28th March 1837. SOURCE: The Bee, March 29, 1837 8 May 1837 Albion Mines Rail Road wants estimates for the next section of its line. Estimates wanted for the formation of the Rail Road from New Glasgow Bridge to the Loading ground. Sealed offers to be addressed to Joseph Smith, Esquire, Agent, at the Mines, until the evening of FRIDAY the 26th instant, to whom, or to Mr. Peter Crerar, apply for further particulars. Albion Mines, 8th May 1837. SOURCE: The Bee, May 10, 1837 23 August 1837 Albion Mines Rail Road wants tenders for quarying stone. Tenders will be received by Joseph Smith, Esq. Agent for the General Mining Association, until Wednesday the 30th inst. for quarying Rubble Stone from William Fraser (Oge's) Quary. For further particulars apply to Mr. Smith at the Mines, or Mr. Peter Crerar at the Rail Road. Albion Mines Rail Road, 23d August 1837. SOURCE: The Bee, August 23, 1837 12 September 1837 Albion Mines Rail Road wants 5000 Sleepers. Tenders will be received by Joseph Smith, Esq. until Tuesday 31st October next, for furnishing 5000 Sleepers for the Rail Road. The above are to be of good sound Hemlock, and of the following dimensions, to wit: 8 feet long, 14 inches on the Bed, and 8 inches deep, sawn on the under side, and either sawn or hewn on the upper side. The first thousand to be delivered on the 1st day of May 1838, at the Rail Road, and one thousand on the first of every succeeding month until the whole is complete. Further particulars may be known by applying to Mr Smith at the Mines, or to Mr Peter Crerar at the Rail Road. Sept. 12th, 1837 SOURCE: The Bee, September 13, 1837 17 September 1839 Albion Mines Rail Road to begin operation. NOTICE is hereby given, that the section of the new RAILROAD, situate on the East River of Pictou, extending from Albion Mines to the [General Mining] Association's Wharves, immediately below New Glasgow, will be opened on THURSDAY, the 19th day of SEPTEMBER, instant; and that from and after that date, Locomotive Steam Engines will be continually passing and repassing on said section of Road. All persons are therefore hereby warned of the danger of using the said Road in any manner or way, and are cautioned to keep off and not trespass on the same, as the [General Mining] Association will in no way hold themselves liable for any loss or injury that may accrue to parties from neglect to this Notice. September 17, 1839 SOURCE: The Observer, September 17, 1839 25 September 1840 The Steamer Albion between Pictou and Albion Mines. The Steamer Albion will ply regularly between PICTOU and the end of the [Albion Mines] Rail Road, at SOUTH PICTOU, three times a day, until further notice, viz:-
And return to Pictou each trip on exchanging passengers with the [Albion Mines] Rail Road Train from the Albion Mines and New Glasgow. Passengers fare either way, between Pictou and the end of the [Albion Mines] Rail Road, 7½d. each. Should the Steamer at any time be off the route a comfortable conveyance will be provided to take her place, at start from the Warehouse Wharf at the regular hours. Notice will be given respecting freight as soon as the arrangements now in progress for transporting it on the [Albion Mines] Rail Road are completed. Pictou, August 25, 1840 SOURCE: The Observer, September 29, 1840 26 May 1841 Trespassing forbidden on the Albion Mines Rail Road. WHEREAS several malicious trespasses have been committed on the [Albion Mines] Rail Road, belonging to the General Mining Association, at the East River of Pictou, and the Engines obstructed from passing thereon. PUBLIC NOTICE is hereby given that the penalties of the Act passed in the Session of 1841, "To regulate and prevent injury to Rail Roads," will be strictly enforced against all persons who may go or walk upon the said Rail Road, or ride, drive, or lead any horse or other beast thereon, without the consent of the Proprietors thereof or their agents:—or who may suffer horses, oxen, cows, sheep, hogs or other animals go at large on the same; or who may carelessly, willfully, or maliciously, obstruct the passing of any Engine, Wagon, or Vehicle on the said Rail Road. And all persons are hereby warned of the danger and strictly cautioned and forbidden from attempting to get upon and ride on the Engines, Tenders, Wagons, or any other pat of the Train on the said Rail Road, except in the regular Car provided for the accommodations of passengers. All persons offending in any of the above particulars will be prosecuted as the law directs. HENRY POOLE SOURCE: The Mechanic & Farmer, July 7, 1841 2 October 1845 Nova Scotia Provisional Committee appointed to support and promote the proposed railway from Halifax to Quebec. A public meeting was held at the Masons Hall in Halifax to discuss the proposed railway from Halifax to Quebec. [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:3] During the meeting, it was resolved unanimously that Hon. H.H. Cogswell; Hon. Samuel Cunard; M.B, Almon; Hon. M. Tobin; Hon. W. Young; J.F. Gray, Esq.; W.A. Black, Esq.; W. Pryor, Jr Esq.; and J.B. Uniacke, Esq. would be appointed to form the Nova Scotia Provisional Committee and carry out the resolutions put forward during this meeting. [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:4] The committee's chief function was to co-operate with the company formed to oversee the planned line and with the legislative bodies of Nova Scotia and the adjoining provinces. The committee was also to obtain information about the project, to correspond with all parties involved, and to adopt the most efficient means for ensuring success of the undertaking. [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:3-4] 8 November 1845 Nova Scotia Provisional Committee presented a brief overview of the Halifax and Quebec Railway project. A second meeting of the Nova Scotia Provisional Committee was held at the Masons Hall in Halifax to present a report outlining progress and correspondence made to date and to possibly adopt other measures to further promote the project. [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:5] Jas. B. Uniack, acting as Secretary of the Provisional Committee [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:5], read a report and several other documents that briefly reviewed the Halifax and Quebec Railway project and the military and commercial benefits of such a line. The report presented discussed the two proposed routes; the one backed by the Saint John Chamber of Commerce which would run "… from Halifax to Bridgetown, or to a point between Annapolis and Bridgetown, where most convenient to cross the River, -- thence down the Granville side to Indian Point, inside the Easter head of Digby Strait, accessible to steamers at all seasons of the year, thence by Steamboat to St. John, and thence up the valley of St. John through Fredericton and Woodstock to the Grand Falls, and from thence … by the shortest and most convenient route to Quebec." [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:11-12] The second routed, supported by both the London Committee and the Nova Scotia Provisional Committee [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:12], would run "… from Halifax through Truro, thence, by the Bend of the Peticodiac through New Brunswick, throwing out a Branch to St. John's, Fredericton, and the Military Post at the heads of the great Rivers, and running within five to thirty-five miles to the large and prosperous ports of Richibucto, Cocagne, and Shediac on the Gulf Shore, and of the thriving ports of Bathurst, Dalhousie and the Restigouche, at the head of the Bay de Chaleur, …" [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:13] The report highlighted why the committee preferred the all land route through Truro and they felt this would best meet the desire goals for such a line. Also during the meeting, the following members were added to the committee: James McNab, MPP; Joseph Howe, MPP; Andrew M. Uniacke, MPP; L. O'C. Doyle, MPP; G.R. Young, MPP; John H. Anderson, the Mayor of Halifax; Wm. Stairs; Jno. E. Fairbanks; Hon. E. Kenny; William Murdoch; Hon. Enos Collins; J.N. Shannon; Joseph Starr; A.W. Godfrey; John Esson; Wm. Lawson, Jr; John Slayter; M. Kearney; Thomas Williamson; Jas. Thomson; Archibald Sinclair; Conrad West; D. Creamer; John Northrup; T. Ring; Edw. H. Lowe; John Tempest; M.G. Black; Alex. Keith, Jno. Strachan; Wm. Skerry; Jno. Duffus; Jno. Barss; E. Billing; T.C. Kinnear; James Tremain; J. Gibson; A. Gesner; A.S. Dewolfe; Jonathan Allison; Joseph Bennett; Titus Smith; Col. Butler; David Allison; and Hon. Hugh Bell. [Nova Scotia Provisional Committee, 1845:16-17] 1848 Halifax Gas Light Company. President, Jas. B. Uniack, Esq., Directors, Hon. W.A. Black, Thos Williamson, Jno. Anderson, Jas. Tremain, Jas. Donaldson, and Andw McKinlay, Esqrs. Secretary and Treasurer, Jno Tremain, Esq., Solicitor, Andw. M. Uniacke, Esq. SOURCE: Belchers's 1848:54
1850 Londonderry Mining Company Board of Directors, Hon. Wm A Black, Hon Jas W Johnston, Hon Jno E. Fairbanks, Hon Alex Keith, Jno Tempest, Geo E. Morton, A.M. Uniacke, Jno Naylor and Wm Johns, Esqrs. Auditors, Andw McKinlay and Benj E Black, Esqrs, Sec'y, John McGregor, Esq. SOURCE: Belcher, 1850:54 20 November 1851 Halifax and Quebec Railway Bill The Halifax and Quebec Railway Bill has been sustained by the Assembly in all its main features by large majorities. It is to be built by Government, and one million pounds currency is to be borrowed on British guarantee at 3½ per cent interest. Nova Scotia is to build from Halifax through her own territory and into New Brunswick 88 miles, who assess three Counties through which the road will run, for the right of way. The city of Halifax is expected to make good a pledge for the interest on £100,000, or take stock in cross lines to that amount. SOURCE: New York Times, November 21, 1851 24 November 1851 Halifax and Quebec Railway Bill The Railway Bill has passed the House, Halifax City to find £5,000 annually towards the interest on the proposed loan. There is no doubt but it will pass the Second Branch, and that the first sod will be turned early in the Spring. SOURCE: New York Times, November 26, 1851 1856 Commissioners for the Construction and Management of Railways in Nova Scotia Hon. Joseph Howe (Chairman), Hon. Jonathan McCulley, Wm. Pryor, Jr., Jno. H. Anderson, Perez M. Cunningham, and Thos. S. Tobin, Esqs. Chief Railway Engineer, Jas. R. Forman, Esq.; Assistant Engineer, Jas. R. Moss, Esq.; Accountant, Jno. Morrow, Esq. SOURCE: Belcher, 1856:51 1856 Acadian Iron and Steel Company (Incorporated by Act of the Provincial Legislature.) Capital $1,500,000 in 15,000 Shares of $100 each. Corporators in Nova-Scotia, Hon. Enos Collins, Hon. M.B. Almon, Hon. A. Henry, Hon. Jonathan McCully, Hon. Jas. McNab, Hon. Edw. Kenny, Hon. Wm. A. Black, Hon. Jno. E. Fairbanks, Hon. Alex. Keith, Benj. Wier, and Jno. Esson, Esqrs. SOURCE: Belcher, 1856:92 1858 Commissioners for the Construction and Management of Railways in Nova Scotia Hon. James McNab, (Chairman), Wm. Pryor, Jr., and John H. Anderson, Esqs. Chief Railway Engineer, James R. Forman, Esq.; Assistant Engineer, James R. Moss, Esq.; Accountant, John Morrow, Esq. SOURCE: Belcher, 1858:34 22 October 1858 Inter-colonial Railway Project The provinces of New-Brunswick and Nova Scotia are occupied with the discussion of Railway matters. Delegates from the Governments of Canada, New-Brunswick and Nova Scotia have gone to England recently with a view to the Inter-colonial Railway. The Hon. C. Fisher, Attorney-General; and the Hon. A.J. Smith, of the Ministry, sailed two weeks since to join the delegation from the other provinces. No doubt is entertained that the work will be undertaken, following the route surveyed by Major Robinson in 1848. SOURCE: New York Times, October 22, 1858 1859 Commissioners for the Construction and Management of Railways in Nova Scotia Hon. Jas. McNab, (Chairman), Archibald Scott and S.L. Shannon, Esqs. Chief Railway Engineer, Jas. Laurie; Superintendent of the Working Department, Jas. R. Moss, Esqs.; Accountant, Jno. Morrow, Esq. SOURCE: Belcher, 1859:39 1859 The Acadian Iron Company Capital £200,000. Trustees in Nova Scotia, Hon. Enos Collins, Hon. M.B. Almon and E.M. Archibald, Esq. SOURCE: Belcher, 1859:76 1860 Extent of Maritime Railways
A map showing the mainline railways that existed in the Maritimes in the 1860s. The New Brunswick & Canada Railway ran from St. Andrews (NB) to Canterbury (NB), the European & North America Railway ran from Saint John (NB) to Shediac (NB) via Moncton (NB), while the Nova Scotia Railway ran from Halifax (NS) to Windsor, and from Windsor Jct (NS) to Truro (NS).
1868 Nova Scotia Railway Advertisement
SOURCE: McAlpine's Nova Scotia Directory for 1868-69
Summer of 1871 The Potter mine the property of the Annapolis Iron Mining Company re-opened at Clementsport. The Potter mine the property of the Annapolis Iron Mining Company at Clementsport, neglected for several years, was reopened during the summer under the management of Mr. A. Conant. During the ten weeks that the mine was worked about 1000 tons were extracted and employment given on an average to 15 men. Of the quantity mined, 600 tons were smelted in the furnace on the ground and a yield of 163 tons of pig iron was obtained and shipped to Boston. The yield of metal from the furnace was much smaller than analysis of the ore warrants; and future runs in charge of reliable furnacemen will doubtless be more successful. Preparations are in progress to establish the mines and iron works on a permanent basis, and during the coming season large quantities of raw ore probably will be exported for reduction in the furnaces of Pennsylvania. SOURCE: Nova Scotia Pulic Works and Department of Mines, 1872:37 4 December 1871 Serious Accident on the Pictou Railway A serious accident occured on the Pictou Railway, Nova Scotia, late on Saturday night, at Salmon River. seven miles east of Truro. An express train was passing an embankment twenty-five feet high when the postal and smoking-cars were detached and rolled over the embankment. Three men were in the postal car and two in the smoking-car and fortunately escaped with a few bruises. The cars were demolished. The passenger-cars passed over safely. SOURCE: New York Times, December 5, 1871 8 February 1882 Railway Bill The Railway bill has passed its third reading in the House and has been sent to the Council. An amendment was moved in the House that $135,000, to be received by the Government from the syndicate, shall be deposited at Ottawa with the Dominion Government as a permanent investment, not to be withdrawn except by authority of a special act of Legislature. This amendment was voted down, as others had been. This bill will be received in Council to-day. SOURCE: New York Times, February 9, 1882 3 November 1882 Halifax and Cape Breton Railway Company The local Government of this Province yesterday made a demand upon the Halifax and Cape Breton Railway Company to hand over the road to the Government under an act of the Legislature empowering the Government to take the line by No. 4, the company to be paid the amount expended by them. The line runs from New-Glasgow to Canso. The company claim upward of $1,200,000 as the amount of their outlay, but as the Government objects to this arbitrators will have to decide in the matter. The railway to-day refused to hand over the line. The matter will have to be settled by legislation. The company contend that they should be paid an amount for the road previous to giving it over. The amount cannot be named at present, as the arbitrators have not made the award. SOURCE: New York Times, November 4, 1882 26 July 1883 Shore Line Railway A telegram from Pugwas says: "Col. Snow, Cheif Engineer and General Manager of the Shore Line Railway, called a meeting of his contractors to-day, and stated to them that owing to a misunderstanding and the incompletion of arrangements with the Government of Nova Scotia in regard to the acquisition of a line from Truro and Canso, and its extension through Cape Breton and the delays in New-Brunswick in regard to the Central Railway, his company had ordered him to suspend the survey and all the work in New-Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton, until all the questions are satisfactorily arranged." SOURCE: New York Times, July 27, 1883 31 December 1883 Eastern Extension Railway The recent visit of Premier Pipes and the Hon. Mr. Fielding. of Nova Scotia, to Ottawa has resulted in an arrangement being made by which the Dominion Government will take, by purchase, the Eastern Extension Railway, in that Province, with a view to making it part of the intercolonial railway system. The terms of the purchase have not yet been made public. The road, which was formerly a company enterprise, now becomes a Government line. It was hoped that the Dominion Government would have agreed to carry out the proposed railway extension through to the island of Cape Breton as part of the bargain. This, however, the Government declined to do. Col. Snow, projector of the American-European Short Line Railway, is in the city regarding that road, on which, although it is subsidized by the Dominion Government, work has been suspended for sometime. It is understood that the company has asked the Government to reimburse it for its present outlay and to take the road and complete it as part of the Government lines. The original intention was to complete an air line between Montreal and Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, utilizing railroads already in operation along the line, in addition to constructing certain sections, which the company would have to build. It is reported that a syndicate with La Senecal at the head is negotiating with the Dominion Government for purchase of the entire Intercolonial Railway and its branches. SOURCE: New York Times, January 1, 1884 15 April 1884 Railway Bill The railway resolution adopoted by the House of Commons last night grants subsidies to the following [Nova Scotia] railways and railway companies: To construct a line from Montreal to Halifax and St. John by the shortest route, $170,000 per year for 15 years. For the construction of a line from Oxford Station, on the Intercolonial Railway, to Sydney and Louisburg, $30,000 per year for 15 years. For a line from Digby to Annapolis, Nova Scotia, $34,000. SOURCE: New York Times, April 16, 1884 7 July 1885 Montreal and European Short Line Viscomte d'Hauterive, of Paris, has just returned from Ottawa, where he has been negotiating with the Government in regard to an annual subsidy for the proposed line in Nova Scotia between Oxford and Louisburg, known as the Montreal and European Short Line, of which Dr. Norvin Green, of the Western Union Telegraph Company, is President, and who is associated in the enterprise with Mr. Erastus Wiman and severla members of the Dominion Parliament from Nova Scotia. Viscomte d'Hauterive's assistant, Mr. Hamper, a railway financial agent, of Berlin, is now in Paris for the purpose of obtaining a load from the Comptoir d'Escompte, one of the largest banks of Paris. This loan is based on the subsidy to be obtained from the Canadian Government, as well as on the bonds of the line. It is expected that the loan, amounting to about $2,200,000, will cover all the cost of construction. The road is for the purpose of developing the coal traffic of this part of Nova Scotia. The line has no connection with the Canadian Pacific, and it is expected that as soon as it is complete to Montreal, as projected, in conjunction with other parties, that a large portion of the traffic between Europe and America will go by this route, Louisburg Harbor being many miles nearer Liverpool than any American port. SOURCE: New York Times, July 8, 1885 8 February 1886 Short Line Railway Company of Nova Scotia The Short Line Railway Company, of Nova Scotia, representing Dr. Norvin Green, Erastus Wiman, and other New-Yorkers, has petitioned the Governor-General in council to disallow an act passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature, at its last session, ratifying and making valid an agreement made by an agent of the Short Line Company, transferring all the property of the company to the contractors engaged in building the railway. The company in its petition claims that the Nova Scotia Legislature has no right to impair its credit, it having been incorporated by an act of the Dominion Parliament. Attention is also directed to the fact that the Short Line Company was prevented from carrying out its railway projects because of the repudiation by the present Minister of Railways of the contract made with his predecessor, Sir Charles Tupper. SOURCE: New York Times, February 9, 1886 4 June 1888 Cape Breton Collieries to be Consolidated It is stated that a number of Cape Breton collieries are to be consolidated under one management. Among the concerns selling out are said to be the Sydney and Louisburg Coal and Railway Company, the International Coal Company, and the Caledonia Company. It is believed that a New-York syndicate will become owners of the organization and invest a large amount of fresh capital in Cape Breton coal mines. SOURCE: New York Times, June 5, 1888 2 August 1888 Montreal and European Short Line Railway Company The Montreal and European Short Line Railway Company has filed a statement of claims in the Exchequer Court against the Dominion Government for the expropriation of its roadway and for the conversions of its lands in Nova Scotia. The amount of damages asked for is $600,000. The litigants are all Americans. They include Dr. Norvin Green, William Bond, F.W. Allen, Domingo Vasquez, and A.Z. Blackman of New-York, who form the Short Line Railway Company, organized in 1882. The company was given power to construct a line from Sydney to Louisburg, Cape Breton, to the Straits of Canso, and from New-Glasgow, Nova Scotia through Moncton or Fredericton, New-Brunswick, to form a connection with the New-Brunswick Railway, as well as to build a branch line from Pugwash, Nova Scotia, on the Intercolonial. The Dominion Government, it is claimed, gave the capitalists the contract for constructing a railway from Oxford Station, Cumberland County, to Glasgow, with branch lines to Pugwash and Pictou. Thirty miles of the road was made ready for the rails, and it is contended an additional 40 miles was made ready in part. On Jan. 28 last the Hon. John Pope, Minister of Railways, took possession of the railway. The company asks for $600,000 damages, claiming it as the amount of a mortgage given by it as security for the payment of a portion of the bond issue of $3,600,000. SOURCE: New York Times, August 3, 1888 5 August 1888 Government's Railway in Nova Scotia It is said at the Railroad Department that the completed proportion of the Government's railway in Nova Scotia was taken away from Dr. Norvin Green and other New-York capitalists because they failed to carry out the terms of the contract. SOURCE: New York Times, August 5, 1888
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